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Cambridge University Press | ISBN 978-1-4302-0973-7 | Pages: 244 | English | PDF | Size: 1.7 MB | RAR-Commpressed : 2.9 MB | No Password
Introduction
The market for radio frequency identification (RFID) technology is growing rapidly, with significant opportunities to add value, but also, because of the challenging issues that are identified in the chapters that follow, many opportunities for failure. This book brings together pioneering RFID academic research principals to analyze engineering issues that have hampered the deployment of RFID and to share ‘‘best practices’’ learnings from their work, building on the tradition of the Auto-ID Labs. The Auto-ID Labs consortium of leading universities around the world includes Auto-ID Labs at Cambridge University, Fudan University, Keio University, the University at St. Gallen and the ETH Zu .. rich, the University at Adelaide and, most recently, the ICU, South Korea.1 The principal investigators represented here have conceived, obtained funding for, and executed research projects using RFID technology. The authors share their experience in the design, test, prototyping, and piloting of RFID systems, both to
help others avoid ‘‘reinventing the wheel’’ and to set the stage for what is next in RFID. Because RFID technology has evolved from proprietary systems operating at different frequencies in jurisdictions with different RF regulatory restrictions, most RFID work has been divided into communities operating at one frequency or another. In RFID Technology and Applications we bring together principal investigators with experience in passive RFID systems across a range of frequencies including UHF 860–960 MHz (EPC GenII/ISO 18000–6c) and HF 13.56 MHz (ISO 18000-3),2 but also, breaking with precedent, we include experts
1 The Auto-ID Labs are the leading global network of academic research laboratories in the field of
networked RFID. The labs comprise seven of the world’s most renowned research universities
located on four different continents
Code:
(www.autoidlabs.org). |
2 ISO specification for RFID under the standard 18000-1 Part 1 – Generic Parameters for the Air
Interface for Globally Accepted Frequencies at frequencies per below can be obtained from
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www.iso.org/iso/en/CombinedQueryResult |
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18000-2 Part 2 – Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135 kHz
18000-3 Part 3 – Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 13.56 MHz
18000-4 Part 4 – Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 2.45 GHz
18000-5 Part 5 – Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 5.8 GHz (withdrawn)
in active (with power) RFID systems. The inclusion of active RFID with passive systems allows us to explore a wider range of technologies for how one might best add ‘‘real-world awareness,’’ such as location and sensor data, to the information about identified objects – both of which are high-growth markets, as cited in the Preface. Researchers gathered in this collection of essays have been selected for their experience as principal investigators and RFID lab directors and from their participation in the RFID Academic Convocations that are being held around the world with industry and government leaders to explore issues requiring greater research collaboration.3 This chapter provides an historical introduction to RFID together with an overview of the standards and regulatory frameworks that cross frequencies, protocols, and processes to govern how we engineer RFID systems to operate in
different jurisdictions. Recent breakthroughs in global standards and regulatory initiatives in European and Asian countries have freed unlicensed UHF radio spectrum for use by RFID systems, making this a seminal moment to examine new system design possibilities. During the spring of 2007 the conditional approval of UHF as well as HF frequencies for RFID applications in China and Europe, the adoption of a variety of technical standards for passive and active RFID systems into the International Standards Organization (ISO) process, the availability of much of this technology under Reasonable and Non Discriminatory Licensing (RAND – see Section 15.7) terms, and the release of the Electronic Product Code Information Services (EPCIS) software specifications for exchanging data about products from EPCglobal all promise to make it possible to communicate more effectively about the condition and location of products. The chapters that follow explore the underlying technology and growing markets for assettracking and cold-chain and condition-based monitoring across entire supply chains and product lifecycles. The technology chapters begin with a deep dive into the design of low-power passive and active RFID transponders (tags) and RF performance in near-field and far-field modes over HF and UHF frequencies. The ‘‘Swiss cheese effect’’ of RF ‘‘null’’ zones caused by multipath effects, as well as ‘‘ghost tags,’’ the bane of indoor RF systems, are introduced by Hao Min, Director of the Auto-ID Lab at Fudan University in Shanghai (Ch. 2), together with recommendations for addressing these issues at a tag and, in subsequent chapters, at the system and supply chain network level. The RFID applications chapters of this book present hands-on research experience of principal investigators in specific markets and illustrate the promise they see for changing the way businesses is done. ‘‘How does the world change,’’ observes Hao Min while working on his contribution to this 18000-6 Part 6 – Parameters for Air Interface
Communications at 860 to 960 MHz 18000-7 Part 7 – Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433 MHz 3 The RFID Academic Convocation co-hosted by the Auto-ID Lab at MIT brings together RFID research principals, leaders from industry and government, and technology providers to address research issues surrounding the implementation of RFID
Code:
(http://autoid.mit.edu/CS/blogs/ convocations/default.aspx). |
book, ‘‘when the ‘Internet of things’ contains a profile for every object. If we contrast this to the internet today, information about people and events are recorded and Google is used to search information about people and events. If the information (profile) of every object (include people) is recorded, what will the internet be like?’’ One of the first issues RFID project managers face is the lack of diagnostic tools to characterize RF environments and RF tag performance on specific products, short of working within a fully instrumented anechoic chamber and using finite state analysis to simulate indoor RF propagation fields. As Larry Bodony, one of the members of the MIT Enterprise Forum RFID Special Interest Group commented recently on his experience implementing RFID container tracking systems with Lockheed Martin/Savi Networks, ‘‘RFID is like an Ouija Board, where you address one RF problem and another issue pops up somewhere else’’ [1]. Like the Ouija Board, RFID’s roots can be traced to the period
of spiritualist practices in the mid nineteenth century and to Maxwell, who first predicted the existence of electromagnetic waves. In the chapters that follow we ask the following question: ‘‘what are the RFID engineering issues that need to be addressed to fulfill the promise of increased visibility and collaboration?’’ As an organizing principle for the chapters that follow, control systems methodology is introduced as an approach to addressing RFID engineering issues. The theme of control systems methodology for systems design spans recent work by co-editors Sanjay Sarma, co-founder of the Auto-ID Center, on ‘‘Six Sigma Supply Chains’’ [2], as well as by John Williams, Director of the Auto-ID Labs at MIT, on ‘‘Modeling Supply Chain Network Traffic’’ (Ch. 7).
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